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Title:
Longleaf for the Long Run – Economic Opportunities that Landowners Need to Know
Year published:
2023
Publication Type:
Guide
Title:
Longleaf pine genetics
Year published:
1999
Publication Type:
Proceedings
Abstract:
Title:
10th Biennial Longleaf Conference
Year published:
2014
Publication Type:
Proceedings
Abstract:
Title:
11th Biennial Longleaf Conference
Year published:
2016
Publication Type:
Proceedings
Abstract:
Title:
12th Biennial Longleaf Conference
Year published:
2018
Publication Type:
Proceedings
Abstract:
Title:
Proceedings of the 3rd Longleaf Alliance Regional Conference
Year published:
2001
Publication Type:
Proceedings
Abstract:
Title:
Longleaf Landowner Spotlight – North Carolina Sandhills
Year published:
2021
Publication Type:
Multimedia
Abstract:
Title:
The persistence of container nursery treatments on the field performance and root system morphology of longleaf pine seedlings
Year published:
2019
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Association between severity of prescribed burns and subsequent activity of conifer-infesting beetles in stands of longleaf pine
Year published:
2003
Publication Type:
None
Abstract:
Title:
Alternative states and positive feedbacks in restoration ecology
Year published:
2004
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Relative effects of disturbance on red imported fire ants and native ant species in a longleaf pine ecosystem
Year published:
2011
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Habitat characteristics of eastern wild turkey nest and ground roost sites in 2 longleaf pine forests
Year published:
2015
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Analysis of fire frequency on the Talladega National Forest, USA, 1998-2018
Year published:
2020
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Effects of forest management on amphibians and reptiles: generalist species obscure trends among native forest associates
Year published:
2010
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Habitat loss alters the architecture of plant-pollinator interaction networks
Year published:
2013
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Conservation of the endangered Pinus palustris ecosystem based on Coastal Plain centers of plant endemism
Year published:
2006
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Increasing participation in incentive programs for biodiversity conservation
Year published:
2013
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
The vertebrate fauna of Ichauway, Baker County, GA
Year published:
2006
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Link:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/250069424_The_Vertebrate_Fauna_of_Ichauway_Baker_County_GA
Abstract:
Title:
Contingent resistance in longleaf pine (pinus palustris) growth and defense 10 years following smoldering fires
Year published:
2016
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Link:
https://www.firescience.gov/projects/15-1-05-5/project/15-1-05-5_1-s20-S0378112716000153-main.pdf
Abstract:
Title:
Nitrogen decreases and precipitation increases ectomycorrhizal extramatrical mycelia production in a longleaf pine forest
Year published:
2007
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Imputation of individual longelaf pine (Pinus palustris) tree attributes from field and LiDAR data.
Year published:
2016
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Modelling post-fire tree mortality: can random forest improve discrimination of imbalanced data
Year published:
2019
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Structural diversity of the longleaf pine ecosystem
Year published:
2020
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Seed bank-vegetation dynamics along a restoration management gradient in pine flatwoods ecosystems of the Florida Gulf Coast
Year published:
2018
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Firequent fire reorganizes fungal communities and slows decomposition across a heterogeneous pine savanna landscape
Year published:
2019
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
The national fire and fire surrogate study: effects of fuel reduction methods on forest vegetation structure and fuels
Year published:
2009
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Longleaf pine stump in Uwharrie Mountains of North Carolina
Year published:
2018
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Title:
Observations on a rare old-growth montane longleaf pine forest in central North Carolina, USA
Year published:
2016
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Patch-mosaic burning: a new paradigm for savanna fire management in protected areas
Year published:
1999
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Changes in plant species richness following reduced fire frequency and drought in one of the most species-rich savannas in North American
Year published:
2014
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Ecological theory and community restoration ecology
Year published:
1997
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Modeling silviculture after natural disturbance to sustain biodiversity in the longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) ecosystem : balancing complexity and implementation
Year published:
2002
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Structure and composition changes following treatments of longleaf pine forests on the Gulf Coastal Plain of Alabama
Year published:
2010
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Effects of habitat and growing season fires on resprouting of shrubs in longleaf pine savannas
Year published:
1995
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Rarity of shortleaf, slash, and longleaf pine seedlings in oak-pine forest types: an assessment of associated environmental, stand, site, and disturbance factors
Year published:
2019
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Canopy thinning, not agricultural history, determines early responses of wild bees to longleaf pine savanna restoration.
Year published:
2019
Publication Type:
None
Abstract:
Title:
Canopy-derived fuels drive patterns of in-fire energy release and understory plant mortality in a longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) sandhill in northwest Florida, USA
Year published:
2016
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Acute physiological stress and mortality following fire in a long-unburned longleaf pine ecosystem
Year published:
2010
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Longleaf pine patch dynamics influence ground-layer vegetation in old-growth pine savanna
Year published:
2019
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Southern pine beetle infestations in relation to forest stand conditions, previous thinning, and prescribed burning: evaluation of the Souther Pine Beetle Prevention Program
Year published:
2015
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
The southern pine beetle prevention initiative: working for healthier forests
Year published:
2008
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
The demise of fire and “mesophication” of forests in the eastern United States
Year published:
2008
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
How global biodiversity hotspots may go unrecognized: lessons from the North American Coastal Plain
Year published:
2015
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Structural characteristics of old- and second-growth stands of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) in the Gulf Coastal Region of the USA
Year published:
1998
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
A genetic linkage map of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) based on random amplified polymorphic DNAs
Year published:
1994
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Longleaf pine patch dynamics influence ground-layer vegetation in old-growth pine savanna
Year published:
2019
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Intensive longleaf pine management for hurricane recovery: fourth-year results
Year published:
2015
Publication Type:
Proceedings
Abstract:
The frequency and intensity of hurricanes affecting the United States has been projected to increase during coming decades, and this rising level of cyclonic storm activity is expected to substantially damage southeastern forests. Although hurricane damage to forests in this region is not new, recent emphasis on longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) restoration and the increasing number of longleaf pine plantations resulting from such efforts raise questions about both tropical storm effects on this species and suitable strategies and practices for facilitating its recovery from such storms. This study was established to evaluate different methods of quickly returning damaged stands to productive longleaf pine forests following Hurricane Ivan in 2004. After salvage operations cleared the study areas, three herbicides (hexazinone, imazapyr, triclopyr) versus an untreated control were tested for their effects on stand development using artificially regenerated longleaf pine. A fertilizer treatment was also applied on half of the plots. Four years following planting, developing trends show the possible benefits of chemical site preparation on longleaf pine seedling height and ground-line diameter, whereas fertilization has shown no significant effect. |
Title:
Fox squirrel and gray squirrel associations within minimally disturbed longleaf pine forests
Year published:
1999
Publication Type:
Proceedings
Abstract:
Fox squirrels (Sciurus niger) are an important species in longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) forests. We estimated fox squirrel density within 6 minimally disturbed long- leaf pine strands, examined association between fox and gray squirrels (S. carolinensis), and measured habitat variables at fox and gray squirrel capture sites. Fox squirrel den- sity estimates ranged from 12-19 squirrels/km2 among study areas. Fox squirrel capture sites had higher pine basal area, higher total basal area, higher herbaceous groundcover, and lower woody groundcover than other sites. Gray squirrel capture sites had higher hardwood, oak, and total basal areas; lower pine basal area, higher woody groundcover, and less herbaceous groundcover than other sites. A strong negative association be- tween fox and gray squirrel capture sites appeared related to species-speci fic habitat preferences. Fox squirrel capture sites had higher pine and lower hardwood basal areas than gray squirrel capture sites. Further, herbaceous groundcover, especially wiregrass (Aristida stricta), dominated fox squirrel capture sites, whereas woody groundcover dominated gray squirrel capture sites. Logistic regression models indicated that pine basal area and herbaceous groundcover were positively related to probability of fox squirrel capture whereas fern groundcover was negatively related to the possibility of fox squirrel capture. Oak basal area and total basal area were positively related to prob- ability of gray squirrel capture whereas herbaceous groundcover was negatively related to possibility of gray squirrel capture. Oak basal area, total basal area, and herbaceous groundcover best discriminated between fox and gray squirrel capture sites. Prescribed fire retards hardwood enroachment, increases herbaceous groundcover, and thus may be critical to maintaining fox squirrel habitat. |
Title:
Proceedings of the second montane longleaf conference/workshop
Year published:
2006
Publication Type:
Proceedings
Title:
The effects of fire on nutrient cycles in longleaf pine ecosystems
Year published:
1993
Publication Type:
Proceedings
Title:
Using poultry litter to fertilize longleaf pine plantations for enhanced straw production
Year published:
2007
Publication Type:
Proceedings
Abstract:
Longleaf pinestraw is high-quality landscape mulch that is in large demand in many urban and suburban areas of the Southeastern United States. In many cases, the annual income from pinestraw production is just as important to forestland owners as the value of the standing timber. A three-year study was conducted in an intensively managed longleaf pine plantation located in Kershaw County, SC. The purpose of the project was to compare the pinestraw production between unfertilized trees, trees fertilized with commercial fertilizer (17% N - 17% P2O5 - 17% K2O), and trees fertilized with poultry litter from a turkey grow-out barn. The commercial fertilizer and the poultry litter were applied so as to provide about 90 kg of plant available N (PAN) per hectare. The results of the study indicated that the enhancement of pinestraw production using granular fertilizer and turkey litter was similar. Providing a one-time application of 90 kg PAN/ha increased pinestraw production by 29% over the three-year study. The return on investment ranged from 968% for the granular fertilizer to 1590% for turkey litter. The advantages of using poultry litter were the greater persistence of plant available N and K in the soil, the addition of key minor plant nutrients, a small but sustained increase in soil pH, and a slight increase in cationic exchange capacity. |
Title:
Potential product values from thinned longleaf pine plantations in Louisiana
Year published:
1993
Publication Type:
Proceedings
Abstract:
Investments in thinned longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) plantations are financially profitable based upon analysis of data gathered from Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas. Site quality is a key determinate of results. |
Title:
The best kept secret in southern forestry: longleaf pine plantation investments
Publication Type:
Proceedings
Abstract:
The objective of this study was to determine the potential harvest value of thinned longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) plantations. Longleaf has long been recognized as having reduced risk of rust and bark beetle attack compared to other species. Because of the development of new techniques that speed longleaf’s transition through the grass stage, establishing longleaf pine plantations is becoming more attractive. Analyses were done on a subset of an existing spacing and thinning study in longleaf plantations. Land expectation values were computed on the basis of current product prices, assumptions employing more than 2,000 individual trees, and a dynamic programming solution to economic conditions. Both the biological and financial results point to rotations of more than 40 years for longleaf. This information will provide assistance for decision-makers considering establishing longleaf pine plantations. |
Title:
An updated whole stand growth and yield system for planted longleaf pine in southwest Georgia
Year published:
2016
Publication Type:
Proceedings
Abstract:
An updated whole stand growth and yield system for planted longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) was developed from permanent plot data collected annually over a 13 to 16 year period. The data set consists of 15 intensively managed longleaf pine plantations that are located in Lee, Worth, Mitchell, and Baker counties in southwest Georgia. Stand survival, dominant height, basal area and cubic foot volume yield models were developed for both low and high planting densities. Model prediction error remained low for both planting density classes. Yield models are an improvement over those published in 2006 (Brooks and Jack, 2006), as eight additional growth remeasurements were added which improved projection accuracy for stands older than 10 years. Models are designed for application in unthinned stands (prior to onset of self thinning) in this region between stand age 2 and 25 years. |
Title:
Long-term changes in flowering and cone production by longleaf pine
Year published:
1998
Publication Type:
Proceedings
Abstract:
Cone production by longleaf pine has been followed for up to 30 years in regeneration areas at five to nine coastal plain sites from North Carolina to Louisiana. A rapid increase in the size and frequency of cone crops has occurred since 1986 following 20 years of relative stability. Cone production for the last 10 years averaged 36 cones per tree versus 14 cones per tree for the preceding 20 years. This change was evident at most sites, including the Escambia Experimental Forest where longleaf pollen shed has been recorded since 1957 and counts of female flowers in regeneration areas since 1970. Although pollen production was cyclic, no long-term change was evident. The recent increase in cone production seems due to both an increase in flower production and an increase in the fraction of flowers surviving to become mature cones. |
Title:
Eighteen years of seasonal burning in longleaf pine: effects on overstory growth
Year published:
1993
Publication Type:
Proceedings
Abstract:
The effects of several hardwood control treatments on understory succession and overstory growth have been followed for 19 years on a Coastal Plain site in southwest Alabama. The study began in 1973, with 12 treatment combinations in 14-year-old naturally established longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) thinned to about 500 stems/acre. Four burning treatments, namely biennial burns in winter, spring, and summer plus an unburned check were each combined with three supplemental hardwood control treatments: an initial chemical injection of all hardwoods, periodic cutting of all woody stems, and no treatment. Pine stands were thinned to 70 ft2 basal area/acre in 1990. All measures of pine growth were significantly reduced by burning. By 1992, the volume yield of 3,222 ft3/acre on unburned plots significantly exceeded the average yield of 2,606 ft3/acre for the three burning treatmeats, which did not differ significantly among themselves. The significant effect of fire on pine diameter and height growth did not extend beyond age 24, although effects on basal area and volume growth have continued to age 30. Supplemental treatments have not yet affected pine volume growth. |
Title:
Annual and geographic variations in cone production by longleaf pine
Year published:
1986
Publication Type:
Proceedings
Abstract:
Cone production by longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) has been monitored on sample trees in shelterwood stands since 1966. Eleven locations, three each in Alabama and Florida and one in Louisiana, Mississippi, Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina were included in the study. Each location had two test areas, with 50 sample trees each. Six locations had 15 or more years of record, the others less. Annual counts of cones, conelets, and flowers (pistillate strobili) on each sample tree were made until trees were cut. Over 20 years, cone crops in which the average number of cones per tree exceeded 50 occurred only in 1967, 1973, and 1984. The frequency of cone crops potentially useable for natural regeneration (average of 20 or more cones/tree) varied considerably among locations. Cone crop frequency was very low (< 0.1 or 1 year in 10) at two locations in northwest Florida and one in southwest Georgia. Cone crop frequency reached a peak of 0.62 and 0.75 at two locations in central Alabama. The ratio of flowers counted to cones produced suggests that low cone crop frequencies near the Gulf Coast were due more to flower losses than failure to produce flowers. |
Title:
Guidelines for estimating cone and seed yields of southern pines
Year published:
1999
Publication Type:
Proceedings
Abstract:
Our ability to predict cone and seed yields of southern pines (Pinus spp.) prior to collection is important when scheduling and allocating resources. Many managers have enough historical data to predict their orchards' yield; but such data are generally unavailable for some species and for collections outside of orchards. Guidelines are presented to allow prediction of cones per tree, to convert numbers of cones to bushels, to estimate numbers of seeds per cone, and to convert numbers of seeds per bushel to pounds of seeds per bushel. Once we have these data, crop prediction is a straightforward process. |
Title:
Presettlement fire regime and vegetation mapping in the southeastern coastal plain forest ecosystems
Year published:
2007
Publication Type:
Proceedings
Abstract:
Fire-adapted forest ecosystems make up 95 percent of the historic Coastal Plain vegetation types in the Southeastern United States. Fire suppression over the last century has altered the species composition of these ecosystems, increased fuel loads, and increased wildfire risk. Prescribed fire is one management tool used to reduce fuel loading and restore fire-adapted species, but little information exists on the presettlement extent and location of fire-dependent ecosystems at a level of detail useful to guide land management decisions at the local spatial scale. In an effort to close this knowledge gap, the principles of landscape fire ecology have been applied to develop a detailed presettlement fire regime map for ~200,000 acres of Coastal Plain ecosystems. Factors evaluated include the effects of fire compartment size in the original landscape, fire barriers, fire filters, prevailing wind direction during fire season, topographic and soil factors affecting fire intensity, fire frequency, fire spread, and fire effects on vegetation. The fire regime map was then combined with remnant fire-adapted vegetation surveys, historic aerial photography, digital elevation models, and soil survey information to create a map of presettlement vegetation. This map is being used to develop prescribed burning plans that restore original fire regimes, guide the use of prescribed fire as a management tool, restore fire-adapted vegetation structure and understory species diversity for threatened and endangered species, and enhance ecosystem sustainability. |
Title:
Ecology of root-feeding beetles and their associated fungi on longleaf pine in Georgia
Year published:
2010
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Root-feeding beetles, particularly of the curculionid subfamilies Scolytinae and Molytinae, are known to be effective vectors of Ophiostomatoid fungi. Infestation by these insects and subsequent infection by the Ophiostomatoid fungi may play an important role in accelerating symptom progression in pine declines. To examine the relationship between beetles and fungi in longleaf pine stands, root-feeding curculionids were collected in pitfall traps baited with ethanol and turpentine for 62 wk, and Ophiostomatoid fungi were isolated from their body surfaces. The most abundant root-feeding beetles captured were Hylastes tenuis, H. salebrosus, Pachylobius picivorus, Hylobius pales, and Dendroctonus terebrans. The number of insects captured peaked in spring and fall, although peaks for different insect taxa did not coincide. The most frequently isolated fungi were Grosmannia huntii, Leptographium procerum, L. terebrantis, and L. serpens. Other Ophiostomatoid fungi recovered included Ophiostoma spp. and Pesotum spp. Insect infestation data suggest that Hylastes spp. share an ecological niche, as do Hb. pales and P. picivorus, because the ratios of their fungal symbionts were similar. The fungi associated with D. terebrans suggest that it did not share habitat with the other principle vectors. |
Title:
The impact of Hurricane Michael on longleaf pine habitats in Florida
Year published:
2020
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Global biodiversity hotspots (GBHs) are increasingly vulnerable to human stressors such as anthropogenic climate change, which will alter the ecology of these habitats, even where protected. The longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) ecosystem (LPE) of the North American Coastal Plain is a GBH where disturbances are integral for ecosystem maintenance. However, stronger storms due to climate change may be outside their historical norm. In this study, we estimate the extent of Florida LPE that was directly affected by Hurricane Michael in 2018, an unprecedented Category 5 storm. We then leveraged a unique data set in a Before-After study of four sites within this region. We used variable-area transects and generalized linear mixed-effects models to estimate tree densities and logistic regression to estimate mortality by size class. We found at least 28% of the global total remaining extent of LPE was affected in Florida alone. Mortality was highest in medium sized trees (30–45 cm dbh) and ranged from 4.6–15.4% at sites further from the storm center, but increased to 87.8% near the storm center. As the frequency and intensity of extreme events increases, management plans to mitigate climate change need to account for large-scale stochastic mortality events to preserve critical habitats. |
Title:
Time-since-fire and stand seral stage affect habitat selection of eastern wild turkeys in a managed longleaf pine ecosystem
Year published:
2018
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) forests rely on prescribed fire to limit encroachment of hardwoods and maintain early successional understory communities. However, prescribed fire may alter habitat availability while female eastern wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris) are reproductively active. In addition, the vigor of vegetation regrowth post-fire is impacted by both midstory and overstory stand-conditions which can be a function of stand age. Therefore, the degree to which prescribed fire affects habitat availability and selection of wild turkeys may be a function of both time-since-fire and the age of the stand fire was applied to. We assessed habitat selection of female wild turkeys during their reproductive cycle in a longleaf pine forest managed with frequent prescribed fire. We captured 63 female wild turkeys during 2015 and 2016 on a longleaf pine-dominated landscape in southwestern Georgia, USA, that was managed with 1–3 year fire-return intervals applied to relatively small burn blocks (mean size of burn=26.02 ha in 2015; 19.84 ha in 2016) on pine stands of varying age-classes. We attached Global Positioning Systems units to individuals and collected hourly locations from 1 March to 15 August. We then used distance-based analyses to estimate daily selection or avoidance of vegetation communities relative to the known reproductive phenology of individual females. Females selected hardwood stands during pre-nesting and post-nesting phases, but avoided them during the incubation phase. Females used open vegetation communities during all phases of reproduction following pre-nesting. Turkeys selected areas burned ≤2 years prior but used different seral stages of pine during different reproductive phases. Specifically, females selected for recently burned mature pine stands during incubation but then selected for recently burned young pine stands, mature pine stands burned 2 years earlier, and open vegetation communities during brooding. Our findings demonstrate that time-since-fire and stand seral age interact to affect how turkeys use pyric landscapes. In general, pine stands providing ample understory vegetation are favored while females are reproductively active. Our data suggests practitioners should try to manage a landscape containing both young and mature pine stands and use prescribed fire to create understory conditions selected by turkeys across all reproductive phases. |
Title:
Infiltration and runoff water quality response to silvicultural and grazing treatments on a longleaf pine forest
Year published:
1989
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
The impacts of intensive vs. extensive silviculture, and moderate continuous livestock grazing vs. no livestock grazing as they relate to infiltration and runoff water quality were evaluated using rainfall simulation. Study sites were located in the Vernon District of the Kisatchie National Forest, Louisiana. Infiltration was greater, and interrill erosion, suspension-solution phase total nitrogen concentrations, and suspension-solution phase total phosphate concentrations were less from areas under extensive silviculture and no livestock grazing than from areas under intensive silviculture and livestock grazing, respectively. Intensive silviculture exposed more bare soil than extensive treatments. Litter cover and litter biomass were significantly reduced by the intensive silvicultural treatment. Livestock grazing also exposed more bare soil mainly resulting from a removal of grass cover and biomass. |
Title:
Timber thinning and prescribed burning as methods to increase herbage on grazed and protected longleaf pine ranges
Year published:
1981
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Selective commercial timber thinning and prescribed burning are effective tools in maintaining a productive forage resource on stocked range of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris). Productive mixtures of herbaceous species can be sustained through periodic timber thinning to maintain 12 to 20 m2/ha of longleaf pine basal area and rotational winter burning, at 3-year intervals. Two to three years of heavy use can be expected after patch cutting if the area of patch cuts constitute a minor percentage of the total grazed range unit. Heavy use may convert patch cuts predominantly to carpetgrass and forested range to a mixture of forbs. Pine plantations throughout the South can be managed for concurrent production of wood fiber and forage (Pearson et al. 1971, Grelen and Enghardt 1973, and Hart et al. 1970). With proper management, continuous grazing by cattle is not detrimental to establishing and growing artificially regenerated pine plantations (Pearson et al. 1971), nor is forage production seriously diminished by pine canopies until plantations approach 10 years of age (Wolters 1973). Many longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) plantations are rapidly approaching or have already attained commercial timber size and could be thinned to generate immediate cash income. Observations and available literature suggest that selective tree removal or patch cutting within a plantation drastically alters forage production and livestock utilization patterns; thus, the current study was started to determine what effects the rate of tree removal had on concurrent forage production, its botanical composition, and utilization by cattle when the range was burned by controlled backfire every third year. Findings will facilitate development of guidelines to integrate management of timber and forage on longleaf pine ranges. |
Title:
Reproductive consequences of habitat fragmentation for a declining resident bird of the longleaf pine ecosystem
Year published:
2017
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Habitat loss and fragmentation are major threats to bird population persistence. Yet, our understanding of the demographic factors behind the adverse effects of fragmentation remains limited for many species. We studied the breeding demographics of the Bachman’s Sparrow (Peucaea aestivalis), a species of conservation concern that is associated with highly imperiled longleaf pine ecosystems in the southeastern United States. We quantified the effects of local- and landscape-scale factors on different components of reproductive success (i.e., pairing success and probability of fledging offspring) for 96 male sparrows at eight sites in southeastern North Carolina. Pairing success of monitored sparrows was 69%, and 77% of paired males fledged ≥1 offspring. Habitat amount in the surrounding landscape, rather than local habitat quality, was the most influential predictor of pairing success for male Bachman’s Sparrows. In contrast, we documented no predictors of successfully fledging offspring for paired males. We infer that reduced pairing success is limiting reproduction in isolated landscapes and may be a contributing factor for the low occupancy and declines of Bachman’s Sparrow in our study region. Overall, our results suggest that managers can promote breeding opportunities for Bachman’s Sparrows by prioritizing resources to patches near large, preexisting longleaf pine forest to ensure ≥20% habitat within the surrounding landscape. |
Title:
Nest-site selection and nest survival of Bachman’s sparrows in two longleaf pine communities
Year published:
2017
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) ecosystems of the southeastern United States have experienced high rates of habitat loss and fragmentation, coinciding with dramatic population declines of a variety of taxa that inhabit the system. The Bachman’s Sparrow (Peucaea aestivalis), a species closely associated with fire-maintained longleaf pine communities, is listed as a species of conservation concern across its entire range. Bachman’s Sparrow breeding biology may provide valuable insights into population declines and inform restoration and management of remnant longleaf pine forest, but the species’ secretive nesting habits have received little attention. We located 132 Bachman’s Sparrow nests in the Coastal Plain and Sandhills physiographic regions of North Carolina, USA, during 2014–2015, and modeled nest-site selection and nest survival as a function of vegetation characteristics, burn history, temporal factors, and landscape level habitat amount. There were distinct differences in nest-site selection between regions, with Bachman’s Sparrows in the Coastal Plain region selecting greater woody vegetation density and lower grass density at nest sites than at non-nest locations. In contrast, sparrows selected nest sites with intermediate grass density and higher tree basal area in the Sandhills region. Despite clear patterns of nest-site selection, we detected no predictors of nest survival in the Sandhills, and nest survival varied only with date in the Coastal Plain. Daily survival rates were similar between regions, and were consistent with published studies from the species’ core range where declines are less severe. Overall, our results indicate that creating and maintaining community-specific vegetation characteristics through the application of frequent prescribed fire should increase the amount of nesting cover for Bachman’s Sparrows. |
Title:
Seed depredation negates the benefits of midstory hardwood removal on longleaf pine seedling establishment
Year published:
2019
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Midstory hardwoods are traditionally removed to restore longleaf pine on fire-excluded savannas. However, recent evidence demonstrating midstory hardwood facilitation on longleaf pine seedling survival has brought this practice into question on xeric sites. Also, midstory hardwoods could facilitate longleaf pine seedling establishment, as hardwood litter may conceal seeds from seed predators or improve micro-environmental conditions for seedling establishment. However, little is known about these potential mechanisms. In this study, we tracked longleaf pine seed depredation and germination in artificially seeded plots (11 seeds/m2) in a factorial design fully crossing hardwood retention or removal with vertebrate seed predator access or exclusion in the Sandhills Ecoregion of North Carolina, U.S.A. Seed depredation averaged 78% across treatments and was greatest in unexcluded plots. Hardwood retention did not affect seed depredation. Longleaf pine averaged 3.6 germinants/4m2 across treatments, and was six times more abundant where vertebrates had been excluded. Hardwood removal had a strong positive effect on seedling germination, likely due to the removal of litter, but only when vertebrates were excluded. Our results indicatedmidstory hardwoods are not facilitating longleaf pine seedling establishment. Nevertheless, our results indicated that hardwood removal may not increase longleaf pine seedling establishment, as seed depredation diminished the effectiveness of hardwood removal under mast seed availability. Collectively, these results demonstrate the underlying complexity of the longleaf pine ecosystem, and suggest that planting may need to be part of the restoration strategy on sites where seed depredation limits longleaf pine natural regeneration. |
Title:
Influence of roller chopping and prescribed burning on insects in pine flatwoods
Year published:
2015
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Roller chopping and prescribed burning are treatments frequently applied to many southeastern rangeland systems, including Florida's pine flatwoods. These treatments can improve rangeland condition by reducing the cover of shrubs and promoting the growth of herbaceous species. How- ever, they have the potential to both positively and negatively affect insects, which provide important ecosystem services as pollinators and are a food source for numerous rangeland-associated avian species, some of which are of conservation concern. We compared total insect familial richness and relative abundance, and familial richness and relative abundance within five orders that contain insects important as pollinators and avian prey (i.e., Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, and Orthoptera) at sampling sites randomly located within 50 treated (i.e., dormant sea- son burn, growing season burn, dormant season roller chop, growing season roller chop, or roller chop/burn combination) and untreated (i.e., control) subplots in central and southern Florida during 2007 and 2008. Total relative abundance (P=0.017) and Hemiptera familial richness (P=0.021) and relative abundance (P = 0.002) were less in growing season burn compared to control subplots for two years post-treatment. Reductions in total insect familial richness were also observed in growing season burn compared to control subplots but only lasted for one year post-treatment (P = 0.017). Total insect familial richness (P ≤ 0.001) and relative abundance (P = 0.001), as well as familial richness and relative abundance of Diptera, Hemiptera, Hyme- noptera, or Orthoptera were also less on dormant season burn than control subplots the first-year post treatment (P ≤ 0.028). Total insect familial rich- ness (P = 0.017) and relative abundance (P = 0.032) were less in dormant season roller chop compared to control subplots for two years post-treatment, as was Hemiptera relative abundance (P = 0.052). In situations where management of certain insect orders important as pollinators and avian prey is a priority, the use of growing season roller chopping and dormant season burning may be preferred over dormant season roller chopping and growing season burning. |
Title:
Seasonal effects of prescribed burning and roller chopping on saw palmetto in flatwoods
Year published:
2010
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Shrub encroachment has become a problem in many rangeland systems across the United States due to a reduction in the disturbances, primarily fire, which historically maintained them. The shrub saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) has become abundant in many habitats of the southeastern Coastal Plain, including Florida. When fire regimes are altered or fires are suppressed, this species can proliferate leading to significant changes in the ecosystem, particularly the herbaceous vegetation. Prescribed burning and roller chopping are management activities often used to control saw palmetto. However, little is known about the effects these treatments have on this shrub, particularly when applied in different seasons. We compared the seasonal effects of prescribed burning, roller chopping, and combinations of the two on saw palmetto. The effects of treatments on saw palmetto were assessed using a paired-sample approach, where saw palmetto height, cover, and density were compared between sampling locations randomly located within treated (e.g., burned) and untreated areas. Dormant season burning had no effect on saw palmetto density and height and only temporarily reduced cover, with rapid regrowth occurring the first year post-treatment. Growing season burning also had no effect on saw palmetto density. However, saw palmetto cover was lower on growing season burn compared to control sites the first year post-treatment and height the first and second year post-treatment. The combination of burning and roller chopping, despite having no effect on saw palmetto density, did result in lower saw palmetto height compared to controls the first and second year post-treatment. The effect of roller chopping/burning on saw palmetto cover depended on season and year. Saw palmetto cover and height were lower on dormant and growing season roller chop than control sites the first and second year post-treatment, but only growing season roller chopping had an effect on saw palmetto density. The single application of a dormant or growing season burn is not recommended for control of high-density saw palmetto, however, it may be suitable to maintain areas where saw palmetto levels are low and proliferation of the species is not a threat. Dormant and growing season roller chopping showed the greatest potential for rapid saw palmetto control. Growing season roller chopping is recommended if significant reductions in saw palmetto density are desired. |
Title:
Seed heat tolerance and germination of six legume species native to a fire-prone longleaf pine forest
Year published:
2017
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Recognition of spatial heterogeneity of fire at fine scales is emerging, particularly in ecosystems characterized by frequent, low-intensity fire regimes. Differences in heat flux associated with variation in fuel and moisture conditions create microsites that affect survivorship and establishment of species. We studied the mechanisms by which fire affects seed germination using exposure of seeds to fire surrogates (moist and dry heat). Tolerance (survival) and germination responses of six perennial, herbaceous legume species common to the fire-prone longleaf pine–wiregrass ecosystem of the southeastern USA were examined the following heat treatments.Moist heat wasmore effective in stimulating germination than dry heat flux for most species examined. We also compared intrinsic seed properties (relative seed coat hardness, percent moisture, and seed mass) among species relative to their heat tolerance and heat-stimulated germination responses. Seed coat hardness was closely associated with the probability of dry and moist heat-stimulated germination. Variation among species in optimal germination conditions and degree of heat tolerance likely reflects selection for specific microsites among a potentially diverse suite of conditions associated with a low-intensity fire regime. Fire-stimulated germination, coupled with characteristics of seed dormancy and longevity in the soil, likely fosters favorable recruitment opportunities in restoration situations aimed at reintroducing a frequently prescribed burn regime to a relict longleaf pine site. In a restoration context in which externally available seed pool inputs are limited, this regenerative mechanism may provide a significant source of recruitment for vegetative recovery in a post-fire landscape. |
Title:
Quantifying energy use efficiencey via entropy production: a case study from longleaf pine ecosystems
Year published:
2019
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Ecosystems are open systems that exchange matter and energy with their environment. They differ in their efficiency in doing so as a result of their location on Earth, structure and disturbance, including anthropogenic legacy. Entropy has been proposed to be an effective metric to describe these differences as it relates energy use efficiencies of ecosystems to their thermodynamic environment (i.e., temperature) but has rarely been studied to understand how ecosystems with different disturbance legacies respond when confronted with environmental variability. We studied three sites in a longleaf pine ecosystem with varying levels of anthropogenic legacy and plant functional diversity, all of which were exposed to extreme drought. We quantified radiative (effrad), metabolic and overall entropy changes – as well as changes in exported to imported entropy (effflux) in response to drought disturbance and environmental variability using 24 total years of eddy covariance data (8 years per site). We show that structural and functional characteristics contribute to differences in energy use efficiencies at the three study sites. Our results demonstrate that ecosystem function during drought is modulated by decreased absorbed solar energy and variation in the partitioning of energy and entropy exports owing to differences in site enhanced vegetation index and/or soil water content. Low effrad and metabolic entropy as well as slow adjustment of efflux at the anthropogenically altered site prolonged its recovery from drought by approximately 1 year. In contrast, stands with greater plant functional diversity (i.e., the ones that included both C3 and C4 species) adjusted their entropy exports when faced with drought, which accelerated their recovery. Our study provides a path forward for using entropy to determine ecosystem function across different global ecosystems. |
Title:
The role of understory phenology and productivity in the carbon dynamics of longleaf pine savannas
Year published:
2019
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Savanna ecosystems contribute ~30% of global net primary production (NPP), but they vary substantially in composition and function, specifically in the understory, which can result in complex responses to environmental fluctuations. We tested how understory phenology and its contribution to ecosystem productivity within a longleaf pine ecosystem varied at two ends of a soil moisture gradient (mesic and xeric). We used the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) of the understory and ecosystem productivity estimates from eddy covariance systems to understand how variation in the understory affected overall ecosystem recovery from disturbances (drought and fire). We found that the mesic site recovered more rapidly from the disturbance of fire, compared to the xeric site, indicated by a faster increase in NDVI. During drought, understory NDVI at the xeric site decreased less compared to the mesic site, suggesting adaptation to lower soil moisture conditions. Our results also show large variation within savanna ecosystems in the contribution of the understory to ecosystem productivity and recovery, highlighting the critical need to further subcategorize global savanna ecosystems by their structural features, to accurately predict their contribution to global estimates of NPP. |
Title:
Approximating nature’s variation: selecting and using reference information in restoration ecology
Year published:
1997
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Restoration ecologists use reference information to define restoration goals, determine the restoration potential of sites, and evaluate the success of restoration efforts. Basic to the selection and use of reference information is the need to understand temporal and spatial variation in nature. This is a challenging task: variation is likely to be scale dependent; ecosystems vary in complex ways at several spatial and temporal scales; and there is an important interaction between spatial and temporal variation. The two most common forms of reference information are historical data from the site to be restored and contemporary data from reference sites (sites chosen as good analogs of the site to be restored). Among the problems of historical data are unmeasured factors that confound the interpretation of historical changes observed. Among the problems of individual reference sites is the difficulty of finding of proving a close match in all relevant ecological dimensions. Approximating and understanding ecological variation will require multiple sources of information. Restoration, by its inherently experimental nature, can further the understanding of the distribution, causes, and functions of nature’s variation. |
Title:
Historical fire in longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) forests of south Mississippi and its relation to land use and climate
Year published:
2016
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
We characterized historical fire regimes in Pinus palustris (longleaf pine) forests of southern Mississippi with regard to global and regional coupled climate systems (e.g., El Niño–Southern Oscillation) and past human activity. The composite fire chronology spanned 1756–2013 with 132 individual scars representing 89 separate fire events. The mean fire interval was 2.9 yr, and mean intervals were significantly different between identified time periods (e.g., settlement period vs. management period). Evidence of biannual fire activity (up to three fires occurring within a 12-to 15-month period) was found coeval with a peak in livestock grazing and logging from the 1850s through the 1880s. Connections were also found between historical fire and Pacific climate variability (e.g., El Niño–Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation; P < 0.05), yet the fire–climate linkage was likely at least partially masked by substantial human land use activities over the past several centuries. Coupled climate and human land use activity controlled the historical fire regime over the past ca. 240 yr. Although the many fire adaptions of P. palustris yield limitations in tree-ring- based fire history studies (e.g., thick bark), we highlight the efficacy of considering the height at which fire scars are analyzed along the bole as a way to glean a more accurate depiction of historical fire occurrence, especially in ecosystems characterized by a frequent, low-severity fire regime. This study suggests growing-season fire prescribed at a 2-to 3-yr interval would be the first step toward simulating historical landscape conditions and fire activity, should that be the goal by land managers. |
Title:
Fire season, overstoy density and groundcover composition affect understory hardwood sprout demography in longleaf pine woodlands
Year published:
2018
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Seasonal timing of prescribed fire and alterations to the structure and composition of fuels in savannas and woodlands can release understory hardwoods, potentially resulting in a global increase of closed-canopy forest and a loss of biodiversity. We hypothesized that growing-season fire, high overstory density, and wiregrass presence in longleaf pine woodlands would reduce the number and stature of understory hardwoods, and that because evergreen hardwoods retain live leaves, dormant-season fire would reduce performance and survival of evergreen more than deciduous hardwoods. Understory hardwood survival and height were monitored over seven years in longleaf pine woodlands in southwest Georgia with a range of overstory density, groundcover composition, and season of application of prescribed fire. Hardwood stem survival decreased with increasing overstory density, and deciduous hardwoods were more abundant in the absence of wiregrass. Contrary to expectations, evergreen hardwood growth increased following dormant-season fire. Differences in hardwood stem survival and height suggest that low fire intensity in areas with low overstory density increase the risk that hardwoods will grow out of the understory. These results indicate a need for focused research into the effects of groundcover composition on hardwood stem dynamics and emphasize that adequate overstory density is important in longleaf ecosystem management. |
Title:
Aligning endangered species managemnet with fire-dependent ecosystem restoration: manager perspectives on red-cockaded woodpecker and longleaf pine management actions
Year published:
2019
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Background: Endangered species management has been criticized as emphasizing a single-species approach to conservation and, in some cases, diverting resources from broad-based, land management objectives important for overall biodiversity maintenance. Herein we examine perceptions on management for an endangered species whose habitat requirements largely depend on frequent fire, the red-cockaded woodpecker (Leuconotopicus borealis Vieillot). In doing so, we consider the alignment between species-specific population recovery actions and broader ecosystem restoration goals. Through semi-structured interviews with natural resource professionals (n = 32) in the Southeast Coastal Plain of the United States, we examined manager perspectives on the evolution of recovery efforts and the potential alignment of recovery efforts with other management goals and objectives on public lands. Results: Participants described an evolution of approaches to manage red-cockaded woodpeckers, from an initial emphasis on intensive management actions with a single-species focus to reduce extinction risk (e.g., artificial inserts and translocation of individual birds) to a broader focus on restoring forest conditions and the processes that maintain them (e.g., fire). Most participants considered red-cockaded woodpecker habitat management to be compatible with other resource management actions (e.g., prescribed fire, mechanical thinning). However, there were some notable exceptions as a smaller but substantive number of participants indicated that specific habitat management guidelines (basal area guidelines for foraging habitat) posed a barrier to implementing preferred ecosystem restoration actions (transitioning stands of fast-growing, short-lived pines to longleaf pine [Pinus palustris Mill.]). Overall, participants expected efforts to provide habitat for red-cockaded woodpeckers to continue regardless of its conservation status and that intensive, single-species management actions would likely decrease over time. Conclusions: Providing for the specific needs of specialist species that are in decline is often necessary to prevent their extinction in the near term. Our findings suggest that the ability to connect long-term management actions to recover endangered species to other agency priorities may promote the willingness of managers to prioritize and continue long-term management of their habitats. |
Title:
Burned to be wild: Herbert Stoddard and the roots of ecological conservation in the southern longleaf pine forest
Year published:
2006
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
This essay examines the work of wildlife biologist Herbert Stoddard, who came to the longleaf pine-grassland forests of south Georgia in 1924 to study the bobwhite quail, and stayed to develop a method of land management that stressed ecological habitat over the dominant production-oriented model. Stoddard's major early accomplishments were threefold: He helped to create the new profession of wildlife management, he fought for the reintroduction of fire in the longleaf-grassland system, and he was among the first to advocate for ecological diversity in cultural landscapes. His work offers new insight on how conservation played out regionally, suggesting that we rethink the local elements of national conservation policy. |
Title:
Multivariate modelling of density, strength and stiffness from near infrared spectra for mature, juvenile and pith wood of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris)
Year published:
2003
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
In manufacturing, monitoring the mechanical properties of wood with near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) is an attractive alternative to more conventional methods. However, no attention has been given to see if models differ between juvenile and mature wood. Additionally, it would be convenient if multiple linear regression (MLR) could perform well in the place of more complicated multivariate models. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to model the strength, stiffness and density of mature and juvenile longleaf pine to NIR spectra with MLR and principal component regression (PCR). |
Title:
Post-fire tree stress and growth following smoldering duff firesPost-fire tree stress and growth following smoldering duff fires
Year published:
2009
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Understanding the proximate causes of post-fire conifer mortality due to smoldering duff fires is essential to the restoration and management of coniferous forests throughout North America. To better understand duff fire-caused mortality, we investigated tree stress and radial growth following experimental fires in a long-unburned forest on deep sands in northern Florida, USA. We burned basal fuels surrounding 80 mature Pinus palustris Mill. in a randomized experiment comparing the effects of basal burning treatments on stem vascularmeristems; surficial roots; root and stem combinations; and a non-smoldering control. We examined the effects of duration of lethal temperatures (>60 8C) on subsequent pine radial growth and root non-structural carbohydrates (starch and sugar). Duff and mineral soil temperatures in the experimental fires consistently exceeded 60 8C for over an hour following ignition, with lethal temperatures of shorter duration recorded 20 cm below the mineral soil surface. Duff heating was best explained by day-of-burn Oe horizon moisture (P = 0.01), although little variation was explained (R2 = 0.24). Post-fire changes in latewood radial increment in the year following fires was related to duration of temperatures >60 8C 10 cm deep in the mineral soil (P = 0.07), but explained little variability in post-fire growth (R2 = 0.17). In contrast, changes in non-structural carbohydrate content in coarse roots (2–5 mm diameter) 120 days following burning were more strongly correlated with the duration of lethal heating 5 cm below the mineral soil surface (P = 0.02; R2 = 0.53). Results from this study implicate the role of mineral soil heating in the post-fire decline of mature longleaf pine following restoration fires in sandy soils. |
Title:
Overstory tree mortality resulting from reintroducing fire to long-unburned longleaf pine forests: the importance of duff moisture
Year published:
2007
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
In forests historically maintained by frequent fire, reintroducing fire after decades of exclusion often causes widespread overstory mortality. To better understand this phenomenon. we subjected 16 fire-excluded (ca. 40 years since fire) 10-ha longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) stands to one of four replicated burning treatments based on volumetric duff moisture content (VDMC): wet (115 percent VDMC): moist (85 percent VDMC); dry (55 percent VDMC); and a no-burn control. During the first 2 years postfire, overstory pines in the dry burns suffered the greatest mortality (mean 20.5 percent); pine mortality in the wet and moist treatments did not differ from the control treatment. Duff reduction was greatest in the dry burns (mean 46.5 percent), with minimal reduction in the moist and wet burns (14.5 and 5 percent, respectively). Nested logistic regression using trees from all treatments revealed that the best predictors of individual pine mortality were duff consumption and crown scorch (P < 0.001; R2 = 0.34). Crown scorch was significant only in dry burns, whereas duff consumption was significant across all treatments. Duff consumption was related to moisture content in lower duff (Oa; R2 = 0.78, P < 0.001). Restoring fire to long-unburned forests will require development of burn prescriptions that include the effects of duff consumption, an often overlooked fire effect. |
Title:
Restoring fire to long-unburned Pinus palustris ecosystems: novel fire effects and consequences for long-unburned ecosystems
Year published:
2005
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Biologically rich savannas and woodlands dominated by Pinus palustris once dominated the southeastern U.S. landscape. With European settlement, fire suppression, and landscape fragmentation, this ecosystem has been reduced in area by 97%. Half of remnant forests are not burned with sufficient frequency, leading to declines in plant and animal species richness. For these fire-suppressed ecosystems a major regional conservation goal has been ecological restoration, primarily through the reinitiation of historic fire regimes. Unfortunately, fire reintroduction in long-unburned Longleaf pine stands can have novel, undesirable effects. We review case studies of Longleaf pine ecosystem restoration, highlighting novel fire behavior, patterns of tree mortality, and unintended outcomes resulting from reintroduction of fire. Many of these pineland restoration efforts have resulted in excessive overstory pine mortality (often >50%) and produced substantial quantities of noxious smoke. The most compelling mechanisms of high tree mortality after reintroduction of fire are related to smoldering combustion of surface layers of organic matter (duff) around the bases of old pines. Development of effective methods to reduce fuels and competing vegetation while encouraging native vegetation is a restoration challenge common to fire-prone ecosystems worldwide that will require understanding of the responses of altered ecosystems to the resumption of historically natural disturbances. |
Title:
Mixed-effects height-diameter models for pine plantations in northern Florida and Georgia
Year published:
2018
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Mixed-effects individual tree height-diameter models are presented for commercially and ecologically important pines in northern Florida and Georgia. USA. Equations are presented for trees within plantations of loblolly (.Pinus laeda L.), longleaf (Pinus palustris P. Mill.), sand (Pints clausa (Chapm. ex Engelm.) Vasey ex Sarg.), and slash (Pinus elliollii Engelm.) pine. After obtaining height-diameter measurements from a plot/stand of interest, these mixed-effects models can be calibrated to produce localized individual tree height estimates. Based on model calibration of independent data from South Carolina, the use of two or three trees from a plot to calibrate the model provides a reasonable compromise between predictive ability and field sampling times. If calibrated at the stand-level, three trees could be used but larger sample sizes of 10 or 15 would likely produce more accurate estimates. To calibrate these models for specific plots/stands, an Excel spreadsheet isavailable on request. |
Title:
Predictive ability of mixed-effects height-diameter models fit using one species but calibrated for another species
Year published:
2019
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Mixed-effects individual tree height–diameter models are presented for important pines in the Western Gulf, USA. Equations are presented for plantations of loblolly (Pinus taeda L.), longleaf (Pinus palustris P. Mill.), shortleaf (Pinus echinata Mill.), and slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) pine. To produce localized individual tree height estimates, these models can be calibrated after obtaining height–diameter measurements from a plot/stand of interest. These equations can help answer an interesting question of whether a model fit for one species can be calibrated to produce reasonable height estimates of another species. In situations where mixed-effects models have not been developed for a particular species, perhaps an equation from another species can be used. This question was addressed by calibrating these models using independent data of loblolly, longleaf, and slash pine plantations located in South Carolina. For each calibration species, in addition to the models developed described above, previously published models, but of the same model form, fit using other species from across the USA were examined. Results show that models of a variety of species can be calibrated to provide reasonable predictions for a particular species. Predictions using this particular model form indicate that model calibration is more important than species-specific height–diameter relations. |
Title:
A comparison of bee communities between primary and mature secondary forests in the longleaf pine ecosystem
Year published:
2020
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Much of the once-dominant longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) ecosystem has been lost from the Coastal Plain of the southeastern United States and only a few scattered remnants of primary forest remain. Despite much interest in understanding and restoring this ecosystem, relatively few studies have attempted to characterize or assess the conservation status of the longleaf bee fauna. The objective of this study was to compare the diversity and composition of bee communities between primary and mature secondary (>100 years old) fire-maintained forests in Georgia and Florida. We used colored pan traps to sample bees at three primary and four secondary locations divided between two regions characterized by sandy (Eglin Air Force Base) or clayey (Red Hills) soils. There were no overall differences between primary and secondary forests in bee richness, diversity, evenness or abundance. Community composition differed among locations but we found no evidence that primary remnants provide critical habitat to sensitive bee species. |
Title:
A comparison of coarse woody debris volume and variety between old-growth and secondary longleaf pine forests in the southeastern United States
Year published:
2018
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Few efforts have been made to quantify the amount and variety of deadwood in frequently burned ecosystems, particularly the longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) ecosystem of the southeastern United States. Moreover, comparisons of coarse woody debris between old-growth and secondary longleaf pine forests are lacking despite the widely recognized value of deadwood to biodiversity in many forest types. We measured standing and fallen deadwood in three old-growth and four mature (100–125 years-old) secondary forests in two landscapes characterized by either sandy or clayey soils within the historic range of P. palustris. Downed coarse woody debris volume was variable at the old-growth locations, ranging from 2.51 ± 0.79 to 29.10 ± 14.55m3 per ha, which includes perhaps the lowest values ever reported from any old-growth forest. Factors likely contributing to these low volumes include frequent fire, the low basal area characteristic of this forest type, subtropical climatic conditions of the southeastern Coastal Plain, and large termite populations. The high variability observed among the three old-growth locations probably reflect interactions between fire and other disturbances (e.g., wind damage). The old-growth location on sandy soils had significantly higher coarse woody debris volume and deadwood variety (e.g., diameter increments, posture, tree genera and decay classes) than secondary forests sampled nearby. Highly resinous heartwood is a significant indicator of old-growth conditions relative to secondary locations, appearing to accumulate as a persistent fraction of the deadwood pool over time. |
Title:
Agricultural land-use history and restoration impact soil microbial biodiversity
Year published:
2019
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
1. Human land uses, such as agriculture, can leave long-lasting legacies as ecosystems recover. As a consequence, active restoration may be necessary to overcome landuse legacies; however, few studies have evaluated the joint effects of agricultural history and restoration on ecological communities. Those that have studied this joint effect have largely focused on plants and ignored other communities, such as soil microbes. 2. We conducted a large-scale experiment to understand how agricultural history and restoration tree thinning affect soil bacterial and fungal communities within longleaf pine savannas of the southern United States. This experiment contained 64 pairs of remnant (no history of tillage agriculture) and post-agricultural (reforested following abandonment from tillage agriculture >60 years prior) longleaf pine savanna plots. Plots were each 1 ha and arranged into 27 blocks to minimize land-use decision-making biases. We experimentally restored half of the remnant and post-agricultural plots by thinning trees to reinstate open-canopy savanna conditions and collected soils from all plots five growing seasons after tree thinning. We then evaluated soil bacterial and fungal communities using metabarcoding. 3. Agricultural history increased bacterial diversity but decreased fungal diversity, while restoration increased both bacterial and fungal diversity. Both bacterial and fungal richness were correlated with a range of environmental variables including above-ground variables like leaf litter and plant diversity, and below-ground variables such as soil nutrients, pH and organic matter, many of which were also impacted by agricultural history and restoration. 4. Fungal and bacterial community compositions were shaped by restoration and agricultural history resulting in four distinct communities across the four treatment combinations. 5. Synthesis and applications. Past agricultural land use has left persistent legacies on soil microbial biodiversity, even over half a century after agricultural abandonment and after intensive restoration activities. The impacts of these changes on soil microbe biodiversity could influence native plant establishment, plant productivity and other aspects of ecosystem functioning following agricultural abandonment and during restoration. |
Title:
Dispersal and establishment limitation slows plant community recorvery in post-agricultural longleaf pine savannas.
Year published:
2017
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
1. Abandoned agricultural lands often have distinct plant communities from areas with no history of agriculture because plant species fail to recolonize. This may be due to dispersal limitation from a lack of seeds, or establishment limitation because of unsuitable environmental conditions. However, few experiments have directly tested how restoration activities may overcome these limitations. 2. We studied longleaf pine savannas in South Carolina abandoned from agriculture >60 years ago that were immediately adjacent to remnant habitats (areas with no history of agriculture). Using 27 sites, we conducted a factorial experiment that sowed seeds of 12 species indicative of remnant communities and conducted restoration thinning of overstorey trees in half of 126, 1-ha patches to mimic canopy density of natural savannas. We also established vegetation transects to examine if restoration promotes spread of remnant species into post-agricultural areas. 3. We found strong evidence for dispersal limitation in post-agricultural areas as over 99% of the occurrences of our focal species were in seed addition plots. Seed additions increased total species richness by 27%. 4. Restoration thinning increased establishment in seed addition plots (measured as richness of sown species) by 126% and increased total richness by 88%. Restoration thinning also increased seed production in remnant habitats by an average of 6506% across our focal species. However, after 4 years, restoration thinning did not facilitate the natural spread of remnant species into adjacent post-agricultural sites. 5. Synthesis and applications. We show that both dispersal and establishment limitation are key factors causing some plant species to be absent from post-agricultural sites. Dense canopy conditions limit seed production in remnant habitats and reduce establishment in post agricultural areas. Restoration thinning helps overcome these limitations and should facilitate the natural spread of species from remnant habitats but natural recovery may still be slow. Our results suggest that accelerating the recovery of post-agricultural habitats will require active restoration that reduces dispersal limitation (seed additions) and reinstates appropriate ecological conditions. |
Title:
Breeding productivity of Bachman’s sparrows in fire-managed longleaf pine forests
Year published:
2006
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Bachman's sparrow (Aimophila aestivalis), a near endemic songbird of the longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) ecosystem, is known to respond positively to prescribed fires. The influence of season (growing vs. dormant) and frequency (1 to ≥4 yr since burning) of fire on density of Bachman's sparrows, however, is poorly understood. We examined effects of fire on density of Bachman's sparrows in longleaf pine forests at the Conecuh National Forest, Alabama, and Blackwater River State Forest, Florida, USA. Density of Bachman's sparrows was greater the first 3 years after burning than ≥4 years after burning, and season of burning had little effect on the density of Bachman's sparrows. Percent coverage by grass had a greater influence on density of Bachman's sparrows than either season or frequency of burning. Percent canopy cover had a strong negative effect on coverage of grass but had a weaker effect on grass at stands burned frequently during the growing season. Growing-season fires (Apr–Sep) did not adversely affect density of Bachman's sparrows. Results from our study suggest that management and restoration of longleaf pine communities probably can be accomplished best by burning on a 2–3-year rotation during the growing season, when most fires historically occurred. Suppression of fire, or burning at intervals >4–5 years, will greatly reduce or eliminate habitat required by Bachman's sparrows. |
Title:
Influence of fire on Bachman’s sparrow, an endemic North American songbird
Year published:
2004
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Bachman's sparrow (Aimophila aestivalis), a near endemic songbird of the longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) ecosystem, is known to respond positively to prescribed fires. The influence of season (growing vs. dormant) and frequency (1 to ≥4 yr since burning) of fire on density of Bachman's sparrows, however, is poorly understood. We examined effects of fire on density of Bachman's sparrows in longleaf pine forests at the Conecuh National Forest, Alabama, and Blackwater River State Forest, Florida, USA. Density of Bachman's sparrows was greater the first 3 years after burning than ≥4 years after burning, and season of burning had little effect on the density of Bachman's sparrows. Percent coverage by grass had a greater influence on density of Bachman's sparrows than either season or frequency of burning. Percent canopy cover had a strong negative effect on coverage of grass but had a weaker effect on grass at stands burned frequently during the growing season. Growing-season fires (Apr–Sep) did not adversely affect density of Bachman's sparrows. Results from our study suggest that management and restoration of longleaf pine communities probably can be accomplished best by burning on a 2–3-year rotation during the growing season, when most fires historically occurred. Suppression of fire, or burning at intervals >4–5 years, will greatly reduce or eliminate habitat required by Bachman's sparrows. |
Title:
Mapping and modeling ecological conditions of longleaf pine habitats in the Apalachicola National Forest
Year published:
2018
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
We developed a historical natural community map and a spatially explicit ecological condition model (ECM) to evaluate conditions of the Apalachicola National Forest’s longleaf pine habitats. We identified and mapped historical vegetation patterns across the forest and then compared current vegetation structure derived from LiDAR and field surveys to desired conditions for the respective habitat types. In the first example of how these tools may be applied, we show how the natural communities map improved our understanding of wet savanna distribution and how the ECM then revealed opportunities and challenges for managing this unique habitat. In the second example, we show that the ECM scores were closely aligned with red-cockaded woodpecker habitat selection at three nested spatial scales relevant for that species’ ecology. Both of these analyses demonstrate how historical data and ecological condition assessments improve our understanding of resource patterns and may inform possible management actions. |
Title:
Nitrogen fixation does not balance fire-induced nitrogen losses in longleaf pine savannas.
Year published:
2019
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Fire is a critical force in structuring ecosystems, but it also removes substantial amounts of nitrogen (N), which can limit plant growth. Biological N fixation (BNF) may alleviate fire-induced N deficiencies that inhibit ecosystem recovery, yet if and how BNF achieves this under frequent fire is unclear. This problem is further complicated in the context of modern human influences (such as land-use history and atmospheric N deposition), which may confound the relationship between fire and fixation. Here, we investigate whether BNF supplies the N necessary to replace fire-induced N losses in restored longleaf pine savannas, and, if so, what factors control fixation. We established 54 1-ha plots of longleaf pine capturing 227 yr of forest recovery and a broad gradient of fire return interval (1.5–20 yr) at two sites in the southeastern United States. We quantified N fixation from three functional groups (herbaceous legumes, soil crusts, and asymbiotic N fixing bacteria), N losses from individual fire events and ecosystem dynamics of N supply and demand. We found that BNF rates were low but sustained over stand age but were substantially below estimated rates of atmospheric N deposition. While fire temporarily stimulated BNF from herbaceous legumes, neither BNF nor atmospheric N deposition were sufficient to balance N losses from fire and soil N stocks declined over stand age. However, rates of N mineralization were surprisingly high and tree productivity was unrelated to N availability, questioning the importance of N limitation in these temperate savannas. While it is possible that progressive N losses signal a decline in ecosystem resiliency, N enrichment from multiple land-use transitions and anthropogenic N deposition may suppress rates of BNF or diminish its importance as a long-term N balancing source in these pyrogenic ecosystems. In this case, fire may be acting as relief mechanism, critical for returning the modern longleaf pine landscape to its historical oligotrophic condition. |
Title:
Effects of prescribed burning on amphibian diversity in a southeastern U.S. national forest
Year published:
2004
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Ecology and management of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in southern pine forests
Year published:
2012
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Physiological mechanisms of foliage recovery after spring or fall crown scorch in young longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.).
Year published:
2020
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Foliage re-establishment of Pinus palustris Mill. Saplings after spring or fall prescribed fire
Year published:
2018
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Eastern wild turkey roost-site selection in a fire-maintained longleaf pine ecosystem
Year published:
2018
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Influence of vegetation type and prescribed fire on Peromyscus abundance in a longeleaf pine ecosystem
Year published:
2017
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Drought of a Pinus palustris plantation
Year published:
2019
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Ecosystem carbon density and allocation across a chronosequence of longleaf pine forests
Year published:
2017
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Biomass and taper for trees in thinned and unthinned longleaf pine plantations
Year published:
1995
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Longleafpine (Pinus palustrisMil1.) trees growing in thinnedplantation studies in Louisiana and Texas and unthinned stands from the Louisiana sites were sampledfor establishing taper, volume, and specific gravity. Stem analysis data were collected on 147stems ranging in agefrom 30 to 50 yr. Analyses of covariance (ANCOVAs) were employed to determine coefJicients and to detect differences among treatments, for tree taper and specific gravity. Taper and volume equation coefficients and statistics at specified ages were developedfor intermediate plantation ages by examining and aging internal growth ringsfrom the stem sections. Biomass was computed by combining the taper and specific gravity equations. Seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) was used to simultaneouslyfit the system offour equations composed of specific gravity, taper, volume, and biomass, because of the correlated error structure of these equations. Biomass equations, however, could not be developedfor the intermediate ages because specific gravity could not be determined or related to earlier tree ages. |
Title:
Deer and cattle diet overlap on Louisiana pine-bluestem range
Year published:
1986
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Seasonal diets of 5 cattle and 3-5 tame white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on 3 subunits of a rotationally burned, continuously grazed longleaf pine (Pinus palustris)-bluestem (Andropogon spp.) range in Louisiana are compared with diets of these same deer on 3 similarly managed ungrazed subunits. Forage-class use by deer was more affected by burning than grazing, except during winter. Winter diets were affected by grazing, with deer selecting more herbage and less browse on grazed than on ungrazed sites. February burning reduced diet overlap substantially during spring. Within the 1st year after burning, diet overlap averaged 21.5, 11.2, 19.6, and 30.9% during spring, summer, fall, and winter, respectively. |
Title:
Linking knowledge to action: the role of boundary spanners in translating ecology
Year published:
2017
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Small-scale fuel variation alters fire intensity and shrub abundance in a pine savanna
Year published:
2006
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Small-scale variation in fire intensity and effects may be an important source of environmental heterogeneity in frequently burned plant communities. We hypothesized that variation in fire intensity resulting from local differences in fuel loads produces heterogeneity in pine savanna ground cover by altering shrub abundance. To test this hypothesis, we experimentally manipulated prefire fuel loads to mimic naturally occurring fuel-load heterogeneity associated with branch falls, needle fall near large pines, and animal disturbances in a frequently burned longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) savanna in Louisiana, USA. We applied one of four fuel treatments (unaltered control, fine-fuel removal, fine-fuel addition, wood addition) to each of 540 (1-m2) quadrats prior to growing-season prescribed fires in each of two years (1999 and 2001). In both years fuel addition increased (and fuel removal decreased) fuel consumption and maximum fire temperatures relative to unaltered controls. Fuel addition, particularly wood, increased damage to shrubs, increased shrub mortality, and decreased resprout density relative to controls. We propose that local variation in fire intensity may contribute to maintenance of high species diversity in pine savannas by reducing shrub abundance and creating openings in an otherwise continuous ground cover. |
Title:
A macroscopic charcoal and multiproxy record from peat recovered from depression marshes in longleaf pine sandhills, Florida, USA
Year published:
2018
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Science-based information on historical fire frequency is lacking for longleaf pine sandhills. We undertook a high-resolution macroscopic charcoal and geochemical analysis of sediment cores recovered from three depression marshes located within a longleaf pine sandhill ecosystem in Florida, USA. A ~1500-year fire history reconstructed from >1.5 m length peat cores analyzed at decadal to multi-decadal resolution revealed abundant macroscopic charcoal particles at nearly all sampling intervals, suggesting that fire occurred near the sites for almost all decades represented in the deposit. This result supported previous hypotheses of a frequent natural fire return interval for Florida’s longleaf pine sandhills and suggested that management decisions for this ecosystem should continue to focus on the frequent prescription of controlled burns. Our research also demonstrated that some of Florida’s depression marshes contain a >3000-year archive of organic-rich peat. Bulk elemental carbon and nitrogen data and stable carbon isotope analysis of the deposits at two of the three study sites suggested persistently wet soils. Soil data from the third site suggested that drying and peat oxidation occurred periodically. These depression marshes rapidly sink carbon, with measured sequestration rates on the order of 16 to 56 g m?2 yr?1. Our research demonstrated that Florida’s depression marshes provide an untapped record of paleoenvironmental information. |
Title:
Economic viability of longleaf pine management in the Southeastern United States
Year published:
2019
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
The lack of economic information for management of longleaf pine, a forest type that once dominated the landscape in the southeastern United States, can be a major barrier to landowners to planting this species. This study compares the economic performance of even-aged longleaf pine with loblolly pine. We assume that a longleaf pine stand produces timber, water yield, wildlife habitats and pinestraw raking, while a loblolly pine stand is managed exclusively for timber production. For both species, future timber prices are uncertain and harvest decisions will be made following an optimal adaptive harvest strategy. Our findings show that investing in longleaf pine plantations is not generally an economically attractive option compared to loblolly pine for landowners. On average, the land expectation value for loblolly pine is $4610 ha−1 higher than the land expectation value of longleaf pine. Stronger markets for water yield ($0.04–$0.073 k-liter−1) can favor the competitiveness of longleaf over loblolly pine. In the absence of increased payments for water production, landowners require financial incentives between $235–$642 ha−1 over 15 years, to switch from planting loblolly to longleaf pine. When water payments are included ($0.03–$0.0 k-liter−1), incentives between $173–320 ha−1 are required to plant longleaf instead of loblolly pine. |
Title:
The impact of prescribed burning on native bee communities (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila) in longleaf pine savannas in the North Carolina Sandhills
Year published:
2020
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Silviculture that sustains: the nexus between silviculture, frequent prescribed fire, and conservation of biodiversity in longleaf pine forests of the southeastern United States
Year published:
2006
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Patterns of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) establishment in wiregrass (Aristida beyrichiana) understories.
Year published:
2019
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Re-introducing fire at the urban-wild-land interface: planning for success
Year published:
2003
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Quantitatively evaluating restoration experiments: research design, statistical analysis and data management considerations
Year published:
1997
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Ecological effects of alternative fuel-reduction treatments: highlights of the national fire fire-surrogate study (FFS)
Year published:
2010
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Vegetation structure, species diversity, and ecosystem processes as measures of restoration success
Year published:
2005
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Conterminous U.S. and Alaska forest type mapping using Forest Inventory and Analysis data
Year published:
2008
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Red-cockaded woodpeckers and silvicultural practice: is uneven-aged silviculture preferable to even-aged
Year published:
1996
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Title:
Stand conditions and tree characteristics affect quality of longleaf pine for red-cockaded woodpecker cavity trees
Year published:
1997
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Red-cockaded woodpecker habitat management and longleaf pine straw production: an economic analysis
Year published:
1991
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Responses of a forest-dwelling terrestrial turtle, Terrapene carolina, to presribed fire in a longleaf pine ecosystem
Year published:
2019
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Link:
https://www.uncp.edu/sites/default/files/2019-01/Forest%20Ecol%20Management%202019%20%281%29.pdf
Abstract:
Title:
Patchy fires promote regeneration of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) in pine savannas.
Year published:
2019
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Problems with Schurbon and Fauth’s test of effects of prescribed burning on amphibian diversity
Year published:
2004
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Title:
Landscape corridors can increase invasion by an exotic species and reduce diversity of native species
Year published:
2014
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Title:
Wildlife habitat condition in open pine woodlands: field data to refine management tagets
Year published:
2019
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Gaps in a gappy forest: plant resources, longleaf pine regeneration, and understory response to tree removal in longleaf pine savannas
Year published:
2001
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
A space-time survival point process for a longleaf pine forest in southern Georgia
Year published:
1994
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Effects of chronic human activities on invasion of longleaf pine forests by sand pine
Year published:
2000
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Host preference of ectomycorrhizal fungi in mixed pine-oak woodlands
Year published:
2018
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Low-dose herbicide effects on tree establishment and soil nitrogen biogeochemistry within pine savannas
Year published:
2019
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Soil nitrogen dynamics as an indicator for longleaf pine restoration
Year published:
2018
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Information sources and extension delivery methods used by private longleaf pine landowners
Year published:
2003
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Title:
Frequently burned loblolly-shortleaf pine forest in the southeastern United States lacks the stability of longleaf pine forest
Year published:
2020
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Breeding bird response to midstory hardwood reduction in Florida sandhill longleaf pine forests
Year published:
2002
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Susceptibility of longleaf pine roots to infection and damage by four root-inhabiting ophiostomatoid fungi
Year published:
2010
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Historic land use influences contemporary establishment of invasive plant species
Year published:
2013
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Longleaf pine and oak responses to hardwood reduction techniques in fire-suppressed sandhills in northwest Florida
Year published:
2001
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Incentives for biodiversity conservation beyond the best management practices: are forestland owners interested
Year published:
2009
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Why does longleaf pine have low susceptibility to southern pine beetle
Year published:
2007
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Wild turkey habitat use in frequently-burned pine savanna
Year published:
2012
Publication Type:
None
Abstract:
Title:
Effects of hardwood reduction techniques on longleaf pine sandhill vegetation in northwest Florida
Year published:
2001
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Ant community change across a ground vegetation gradient in north Florida’s longleaf pine flatwoods
Year published:
2003
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
The path back: oaks (Quercus spp.) facilitate longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) seedling establishment in xeric sites.
Year published:
2016
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Longleaf pine (pinus palustris) and hardwood dynamics in a fire-maintained ecosystem: a simulation approach
Year published:
2011
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Title:
Enhancing Bachman’s sparrow habitat via management of red-cockaded woodpeckers
Year published:
1998
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Stand risk rating for the southern pine beetle: integrating pest management with forest management
Year published:
1982
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Pyrogenic fuels produced by savanna trees can engineer humid savannas
Year published:
2016
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Growth-differentiation balance: a basis for understanding southern pine beetle-tree interactions
Year published:
1986
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Comparison of gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) habitats in young slash pine and old longleaf pine areas of southern Mississippi
Year published:
1981
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Title:
The population dynamics of a long-lived conifer (Pinus palustris)
Year published:
1988
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Title:
Insect pollinators of three rare plants in a Florida longleaf pine forest
Year published:
2002
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Comparing morphology and physiology of southeastern US Pinus seedlings: implications for adaptation to surface fire regimes
Year published:
2017
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Estimating resilience across landscapes
Year published:
2002
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
The historical and current distribution of the eastern indigo snake (Drymarchon couperi)
Year published:
2013
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Xylem heating increases vulnerability to cavitation in longleaf pine
Year published:
2018
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Adult bobcat (Lynx rufus) habitat selection in a longleaf pine savanna
Year published:
2018
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Utility of an instantaneous moisture meter for duff moisture prediction in long-unburned longleaf pine forests
Year published:
2013
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) morphology and climate/growth responses along a physiographic gradient in North Carolina
Year published:
2016
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Wood property maps showing wood variablity in mature longleaf pine: does getting older change juvenile tendencies
Year published:
2019
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Wood variability in mature longleaf pine: defferences related to cardinal direction for a softwood in a humid subtropical climate
Year published:
2018
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Collection of wood quality data by x-ray densitometry: a case study with three southern pines
Year published:
2015
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Rotation burning: a forage management system for longleaf pine-bluestem ranges
Year published:
1964
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Influences of grazing and fire on vegetation and soil of longleaf pine-bluestem range
Year published:
1967
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Regional differences in habitat occupancy by Bachman’s sparrow
Year published:
1990
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Fire effects on resprouting shrubs in headwaters of southeastern longleaf pine savannas
Year published:
2002
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
The vascular flora of Ichauway, Baker County, Georgia: a remnant longleaf/wiregrass ecosystem
Year published:
1998
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
The distribution of the eastern indigo snake, Drymarchon couperi, in Georgia
Year published:
1983
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
The ecology and management of the gopher tortoise in the southeastern United States
Year published:
1986
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Pine savanna plant community disassembly after fire suppression
Year published:
2020
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Interaction diversity maintains resiliency in a frequently distrubed ecosystem
Year published:
2019
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Maximizing the monitoring of diversity for management activities: additive partitionaing of plant species diversitiy across a frequently burned system
Year published:
2019
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
An arthodpod survival strategy in a frequently burned forest
Year published:
2017
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Title:
Overstory-derived surface fuels mediate plant species diversity in frequently burned longleaf pine forests
Year published:
2017
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Burn regime matters: a reivew of the effects of prescribed fire on vertebrates in the longleaf pine ecoystem
Year published:
2016
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Ongoing accumulation of plant diversity through habitat connectivity in an 18-year experiment
Year published:
2019
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Corridors increase plant species richness at large scales
Year published:
2006
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Survival and cause-specific mortality of female eastern wild turkeys in two frequently-burned longleaf pine savannas
Year published:
2016
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Habitat selection of wild turkeys in burned longleaf pine savannas
Year published:
2016
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Bioregional planning in central Georgia, USA
Year published:
2006
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Understory vegetation indicators of anthropogenic disturbance in longleaf pine forests at Fort Benning, Georgia, USA
Year published:
2002
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
The effects of the red imported fire ant on seed fate in the longleaf pine ecosystem
Year published:
2013
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Early tree growth, crop yields and estimated returns for an agroforestry trial in Goldsboro, North Carolina
Year published:
2012
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Disentangling fragmentation effects on herbivory in understory plants of longleaf pine savanna
Year published:
2016
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Site preparation for longleaf pine restoration on hydric sites: stand development through 15 years after planting
Year published:
2020
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Successional responses of herbs in the longleaf-slash pine forest after fire
Year published:
1949
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Title:
Avian taxonomic and functional diversity diversity in early stage of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) stands restored at agricultural lands: variations in scale dependency
Year published:
2020
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
“Effects of dormant and growing season burning on surface fuels and potential fire behavior in northern Florida longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) flatwoods”
Year published:
2015
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Genetic integrity of longleaf and shortleaf pine seed orchards and seed banks
Year published:
2019
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Growth of longleaf and loblolly pine planted on South Carolina sandhill sites
Year published:
2010
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Forms and amounts of soil nitrogen and phosphorus across a longleaf pine-depressional wetland landscape
Year published:
2002
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Understory restoration in longleaf pine sandhills
Year published:
2004
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Two centuries of forest compositional and structural changes in the Alabama Fall Line hills
Year published:
2015
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Forest landscapes: their effect on the interaction of the southern pine beetle and red-cockaded woodpecker
Year published:
1999
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Heartwood, sapwood, and fungal decay associated with red-cockaded woodpecker cavity trees
Year published:
1994
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Fungi and red-cockaded woodpecker cavity trees
Year published:
1982
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Title:
Habitat associated with daytime refugia of fox squirrels in a longleaf pine forest
Year published:
2003
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Countering the broadleaf invasion: financial and carbon consequences of removing hardwoods during longleaf pine savanna restoration
Year published:
2007
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Seed bank viability in disturbed longleaf pine sites
Year published:
2004
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Frequent prescribed burning as a long-term practice in longleaf pine forests does not affect detrital chemical composition
Year published:
2017
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Transient changes in transpiration, and stem and soil CO2 efflux in longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) following fire-induced leaf area reduction
Year published:
2011
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Bioturbation by mammals and fire interact to alter ecosystem-level nutirent dynamics in longleaf pine forests
Year published:
2018
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Evaluating climate planning for longleaf pine ecosystems in the southeast United States
Year published:
2018
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Changes in tree canopy, understory vegetation, and fuel composition after 10 years of restoration management in an old-growth mountain longleaf pine forest
Year published:
2019
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Macroarthropod response to time-since-fire in the longleaf pine ecosystem
Year published:
2017
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Coyote diets in a longleaf pine ecosystem
Year published:
2016
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Effects of predation risk and group dynamics on white-tailed deer foraging behavior in a longleaf pine savanna
Year published:
2015
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Characterizing the dynamics of cone production for longleaf pine forests in the southeastern United States
Year published:
2018
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Analyzing the complexity of cone production in longleaf pine by multiscale entropy
Year published:
2016
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Height-diameter relationships in longleaf pine and four swamp tree species
Year published:
2017
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Functional relationships reveal keystone effects of gopher tortoise on vertebrate diversity in a longleaf pine sanavva
Year published:
2015
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Tree species effects on understory forage productivity and microclimate in a silvopasture of the southeastern USA
Year published:
2020
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Genetic variation in water-use efficiency (WUE) and growth in mature longleaf pine
Year published:
2018
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
The conservation reserve program and wildlife habitat in the southeastern United States
Year published:
1997
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Title:
Effects of prescribed fire and other plant community restoratino treatments on tree mortality, bark beetles, and other saproxylic Coleoptera of longleaf pine, Pinus palustris Mil., of the Coastal Plain of Alabaman
Year published:
2008
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Determination of grazing values of native vegetation on southern pine forest ranges
Year published:
1946
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Title:
Intra-annual variation in soil C, N and nutrients pools after prescribed fire in a Mississippi longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) plantation
Year published:
2020
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Pollen limitation and self-compatibility in three pine savanna herbs
Year published:
2019
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Landscape connectivity promotes plant biodiversity spillover into non-target habitats
Year published:
2009
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Land-use history, historical connectivity, and land management interact to determine longleaf pine woodland understory richness and composition
Year published:
2011
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
The influence of habitat fragmentation on multiple plant-animal interactions and plant reproduction
Year published:
2015
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Vegetation response to midstorey mulching and prescribed burning for wildfire hazard reduction and longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) ecosystem restoration
Year published:
2009
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Influence of reproduction cutting methods on structure, growth and regeneration of longleaf pine forests in flatwoods and uplands
Year published:
2017
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Gap-phase regeneration in longleaf pine wiregrass ecosystems
Year published:
1998
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Influence of deer, cattle grazing and timber harvest on plant species diversity in a longleaf pine bluestem ecosystem
Year published:
2003
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Long-term effects of dormant-season prescribed fire on plant community diversity, structure and productivity in a longleaf pine wiregrass ecosystem
Year published:
1997
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
A method for evaluating outcomes of restoration when no reference sites exist
Year published:
2009
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Phosphorus addition reduces invasion of a longleaf pine savanna (Southeastern USA) by a non-indigenous grass (Imperata cylindrica).
Year published:
2003
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Declines in plant species richness and endemic plant species in longleaf pine savannas invaded by Imperata cylindrica
Year published:
2008
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Restoration increases bee abundance and richness but not pollination in remnant and post-agricultural woodlands
Year published:
2018
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Preliminary observations on effects of using different stocking rates of meat goats to control understory vegetation in longleaf pine stands
Year published:
2016
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
The economic impact of green-up contraints in the southeastern United States
Year published:
2001
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Dynamic site index equation for thinned stands of even-aged natural longleaf pine
Year published:
2010
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Variability in fire prescriptions to promote wildlife foods in the longleaf pine ecosystem
Year published:
2015
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Subtle effects of a managed fire regime: a case study in the longleaf pine ecosystem
Year published:
2014
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Effects of prescribed fire on the herpetofauna of a southern Mississippi pine savanna
Year published:
2007
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Longleaf pine forests of the Southeast: requiem or renaissance?
Year published:
1995
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Title:
Longleaf pine: a sustainable approach for increasing terrestrial carbon in the southern United States
Year published:
2004
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Composition of a virgin stand of longleaf pine in south Alabama
Year published:
2000
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
White-tailed deer use of overstory hardwoods in longleaf pine woodlands
Year published:
2020
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Long-duration soil heating resulting from forest floor duff smoldering in longleaf pine ecosystems
Year published:
2020
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Pine cones facilitate ignition of forest floor duff
Year published:
2013
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Fire generates spatial gradients in herbivory: an example from a Florida sandhill ecosystem
Year published:
2005
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Title:
Prescribed fire affects diurnal vertebrate use of gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) burrows in a longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) forest
Year published:
2018
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Fire effects on a fire-adapted species: response of grass stage longleaf pine seedlings to experimental burning
Year published:
2018
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Effects of site preparation treatments on early growth and survival of planted longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) seedlings in North Carolina
Year published:
2006
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Prescribed fire effects on Pinus palustris woodland development after catastrophic wind disturbance and salvage logging
Year published:
2020
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Vascular flora of longleaf pine woodlands after wind disturbance and salvage harvesting in the Alabama Fall Line Hills
Year published:
2018
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Changes in tree canopy, groundcover, and avian community following restoration of a montane longleaf pine woodland
Year published:
2020
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Specialist and generalist amphibians respond to wetland restoration treatments
Year published:
2016
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Fire history of a Georgia montane longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) community
Year published:
2019
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Productivity and species richness in lonfleaf pine woodlands: resource-disturbance influences across an edaphic gradient
Year published:
2016
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Predicting plant species diversity in a longleaf pine landscape
Year published:
2004
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Conservation management of Pinus palustris ecosystems from a landscape perspective
Year published:
2006
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Hardwood management and restoration of longleaf pine ecosystems may affect raccoon daytime resting sites
Year published:
2016
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
The influence of financial incentive programs in promoting sustainable forestry on the nation’s family forests
Year published:
2007
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Raising goats in the southern-pine silvopasture system: challenges and opportunities
Year published:
2019
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
A Gingrich-style stocking chart for longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) forests
Year published:
2018
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Year published:
2017
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Environmental factors affecting brown-spot infection on longleaf pine
Year published:
1975
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature
Abstract:
Title:
Invasibility of a fire-maintained savanna-wetland gradient by non-native, woody plant species
Year published:
2017
Publication Type:
None
Abstract:
Title:
Where fire stops: vegetation structure and microclimate influence fire spread along an ecotonal gradient
Year published:
2016
Publication Type:
Peer-reviewed literature